ndia has handled crises such as Covid-19, climate change, and the Ukraine conflict which jeopardised SDG goals thanks to its achievements in financial inclusion and creation of unique digital public goods
The SDGs are Sustainable Development Goals, adopted as an agenda for nations to achieve by 2030. They are so familiar that they need not be spelled out. As with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) earlier, there is a nested structure, with 17 broad goals imparted precision through 169 targets and further refined through indicators that are tracked. As adopted in September 2015, there are 232 indicators.
To state the obvious, there are too many targets and indicators, working against focused attention by governments. But that structure is a given. Covid knocked those aspirations for a six. There was Covid and consequent adverse impacts not just on mortality but morbidity and health and education outcomes. Global growth and recovery are fragile. This has been accentuated by the Ukraine war. The UN’s SDG Report for 2022 presents a sobering picture. “Using the latest available data and estimates, it reveals that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is in grave jeopardy due to multiple, cascading and intersecting crises.
Covid-19, climate change and conflict predominate.” Jeffrey Sachs and his colleagues do a parallel monitoring report and this also highlights the deflection of interest from SDGs. “Yet, it is clear that these multiple and simultaneous crises have diverted policy attention and priorities away from medium and long-term goals such as the SDGs and the Paris Climate Agreement: a shift of focus towards short-term issues that threaten to slow down or even stall the adoption of ambitious and credible national and international plans but also squeezes available international funding for sustainable development.”
India, SDGs and Covid
Moving towards the SDGs is in conformity with what India wishes to do in its pursuit of progress and development. “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas Sabka Vishwas” and ease of living and ease of doing business have been the government’s template since May 2014, with the second Narendra Modi government continuing this approach.
The Covid pandemic caught India, like the rest of the world, unawares. It was an exogenous shock. At that time, it was the prevalent wisdom articulated by many in the developed world that India would go under. Millions would die.
By any metric, especially when normalised for population, India has performed remarkably well. Both infection rates and mortality rates have been low. At that time, it was the prevalent wisdom that India would never be able to develop a vaccine of its own and, regardless, wouldn’t be able to vaccinate its population. Both propositions have been proven to be false. India has handled this externally-imposed disaster remarkably well, facilitated by the emphasis on a digital India and the portability of welfare benefits.
In debates on fiscal policy at that time, it was the recommended doctrine that, emerging from the lockdown and pandemic, India should increase public expenditure, meaning revenue expenditure, to stimulate the economy. With the exception of free food (Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana), nothing of the sort was done. The Union government increased capital expenditure, recognising that the multiplier effects of capital expenditure are more than twice that of revenue expenditure, and did not throw fiscal caution to the winds. Therefore, as far as macroeconomic fundamentals are concerned, India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world this financial year and will remain so in the foreseeable future.
Even on inflation, caused primarily by imported inflation, India has done remarkably well. Much of what was done was a continuation of policies pursued since May 2014. First, there has been an enabling framework for growth, development and entrepreneurship to blossom and flourish. Second, there has been inclusion, interpreted as empowerment. A part of this is through the provision of collective private goods – transport, education, health, electricity, gas, toilets, water, technology and financial products. This enables historically deprived and marginalised sections of society to become mainstream. The Economic Survey 2020–21 constructed a “bare necessities’ ‘ index (BNI) to quantify and measure these improvements.
The remaining part was the use of the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) to target subsidies to eligible beneficiaries, with DBT (direct benefit transfers) linked to bank accounts seeded with Aadhaar numbers. Other than government dashboards, these improvements are evident in third party audits and in responses to questions in the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). Thus, it is no great surprise that UNDP’s 2022 report, using the multidimensional poverty index (MDPI), found that many Indians had been raised above the poverty line.
Therefore, though all countries have deviated from the SDGs, India is far better positioned than many. The aforementioned dashboard by Jeffrey Sachs also highlights this. One should state that the SDG indicators are adapted and modified by countries. In India, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) has a National Indicator Framework.
What happens in India is an aggregate of what happens at the level of states. NITI Aayog scores states based on an SDG Index. It is easy to figure out which states are pulling India down on performance parameters. There is a need to prioritise public expenditure and focus it on areas that will deliver maximum outcomes. The Aspirational Districts Programme is an example of such a focus, launched in 2018 to target 112 relatively underdeveloped districts, and external validation shows there have been improvements.
India and G20
On December 1, 2022, India took over the G20 presidency from Indonesia and the 18th G20 Heads of State and Government Summit will take place in September 2023 in Delhi.
At the time of taking over the G20 presidency, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi wrote an article, spelling out India’s vision for the G20. Parts of this should be quoted because it sets out India’s objectives and vision. “The previous 17 presidencies of the G20 delivered significant results—for ensuring macro-economic stability, rationalising international taxation, relieving debt burden on countries, among many other outcomes. We will benefit from these achievements, and build further upon them.”
One should remember that part of what happens throughout the year is a carryover of the agenda of the previous summits. “However, as India assumes this important mantle, I ask myself, – can the G20 go further still? Can we catalyse a fundamental mindset shift, to benefit humanity as a whole?… One such tradition, popular in India, sees all living beings, and even inanimate things, as composed of the same five basic elements – the panchtatva of earth, water, fire, air and space. Harmony among these elements – within us and between us – is essential for our physical, social, and environmental well-being. India’s G20 presidency will work to promote this universal sense of oneness.
Hence our theme: ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’. Today, the greatest challenges we face – climate change, terrorism, and pandemics – can be solved not by fighting each other, but only by acting together. Fortunately, today’s technology also gives us the means to address problems on a humanity-wide scale. The massive virtual worlds that we inhabit today demonstrate the scalability of digital technologies.” That is what the SDGs are about.
To quote further, on the Indian successes outlined in Section 2, “We have tried to make national development not an exercise in top-down governance, but rather a citizen-led ‘people’s movement’. We have leveraged technology to create digital public goods that are open, inclusive and interoperable. These have delivered revolutionary progress in fields as varied as social protection, financial inclusion, and electronic payments. For all these reasons, India’s experiences can provide insights into possible global solutions.
During our G20 presidency, we shall present India’s experiences, learnings and models as possible templates for others, particularly the developing world. Our G20 priorities will be shaped in consultation with not just our G20 partners, but also our fellow travellers in the global South, whose voices often go unheard.
There are several parallel processes under the G20. There are the Sherpa and Finance Tracks, facilitated through Working Groups. There are several Engagement Groups. There will be official G20 meetings, not only in Delhi, but in various cities. This is symptomatic of the inclusion that the Indian presidency brings into the G20 process. Yes, there will be a showcase of India’s culture and heritage and achievements. Those achievements are steps towards the SDGs, for India, and for the world.
Dr. Bibek Debroy is the Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Government of India.
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and views of The Business Standard.
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